a.k.a. Arthur Sarsfield Ward, and first appeared in The Mystery of Fu Manchu (1913: American title, The Insidious Dr. Fu Manchu), with numerous appearances following over the next few decades. Fu Manchu is in many respects the Yellow Peril archetype. Fu Manchu admittedly was not the first Yellow Peril stereotype, nor was he even a Victorian character. But, as we shall see, Fu Manchu was the high point for the Yellow Peril stereotype, and the versions which followed were mostly modeled, consciously or unconsciously, on him. The Sinister Oriental, or Yellow Peril, stereotype begins in the 19th century. Through much of the early and middle part of the century Asians, when they appeared in British and American fiction, were stereotyped either as lust-crazed, savage, opium-addicts or as simple, sentimental peasants. It was only in the 1890s that the idea of an evil Asian mastermind, one capable of threatening not just one man but an entire nation or the world itself, began to appear in Western fiction. The first true Yellow Peril figure was Kiang Ho, who appeared in "Tom Edison Jr.'s Electric Sea Spider, or, The Wizard of the Submarine World," in the dime novel Nugget Library in 1892. "Tom Edison Jr.'s Electric Sea Spider" was credited to "Philip Reade," but "Reade" was a house name for Street and Smith, and so Kiang Ho's true creator may never be known. Kiang Ho, either Mongolian or Chinese--the text refers to him as both--is a warlord and pirate who controls a port in China and prowls the seas, leading a fleet of ships (and a super-submarine) and sinking everything in sight. Kiang Ho is also Harvard-educated and more literate and articulate than one would expect. He is eventually defeated and killed by Tom Edison, Jr., but for most of the story poses a significant threat. Dr. Yen How, a character from M.P. Shiel's The Yellow Danger (1898), is the first Yellow Peril figure to appear in British fiction. Shiel, who is today best [continues]